Routing Information Protocol Version 1 (RIPv1): This is a simple distance vector protocol. It has been enhanced with various techniques, including Split Horizon and Poison Reverse in order to enable it to perform better in somewhat complicated networks.
Dynamic Routes - As soon as dynamic routing is enabled, the routing tables are automatically updated. Dynamic routing uses broadcasts and multicasts to communicate with other routers. Each route entry includes a subnet number, the interface out to that subnet, and the IP address of the next router that should receive the packet. The commands to enable rip are:
router rip
network <major network number>
RIP sends its complete routing table out to all active interfaces at regular intervals (every 30 seconds by default) and when the network topology changes. RIP routers maintain only the best route (the route with the lowest metric value) to a destination. After updating its routing table, the router immediately begins transmitting routing updates to inform neighbors of the change. These updates are sent independently of the regularly scheduled updates that RIP routers send. In RIP, update packets are sent to the immediate neighbors.
"Show IP route" this command will show the routing table and it keeps a list of the best paths to destinations in a routing table. There is a separate routing table for each routed protocol.
Routing Information Protocol Version 2 (RIPv2)
RIPv2 is a Hybrid Routing Protocol. A Hybrid Routing Protocol is basically a Distance-Vector protocol which some characteristics of Link State routing protocols.
RIPv2 is classless routing, which allows us to use subnetted networks also. RIPv2 has the option for sending network mask in the update to allow classless routing.
Features of RIPv2 :
The router rip command selects RIP as the routing protocol. The network command assigns a major network number that the router is directly connected to. The RIP routing process associates interface addresses with the advertised network number and begins RIP packet processing on the specified interfaces.
Configuration of Routing Information Protocol version 1 (RIPv1)
The necessary configuration steps for doing the same are as given below:
Step1 : Enter into Global Configuration Mode
R1>enable
R1#configure terminal
Step2 : Enable RIP routing on the router
R1(config)#router rip
Step3: Associate network 1.0.0.0 in the RIP routing process
R1(config-router)#network 1.0.0.0
The command "no router rip" is used for removing all rip entries from the router. Once this is cleared, you must reconfigure RIP again using the "router rip" command.
Example: hostname(config)#router rip
This starts the RIP routing process and places you in router configuration mode
hostname(config)#no router rip
The above command removes the entire RIP configuration you have enabled on the router.
Configuration of Routing Information Protocol version 2 (RIPv2)
The command syntax for configuring RIPv2 on a router is:
router rip
version 2
network <network number>
Example:
router rip
version 2
network 156.14.0.0
network 196.12.12.0
As soon as RIP is enabled, it will start sending and receiving updates on interfaces. Many situations require you to stop RIP from sending updates out an interface. An example of such a situation is when an interface connects to the Internet. You do not want your routing updates to go out to the Internet. In such situations, you can use the passive-interface interface command in the routing configuration mode to stop RIP from sending updates out that interface. This command stop RIP from sending updates but it will continue to receive updates on that interface.
The (config-router)#passive-interface <interface> command stops updates from being sent out an interface, but route updates are still received.
Various timers in RIP are given below:
Update-30 sec, Interval between route update advertisements
Hold-Down-90 sec, Period a route is withdrawn from the table to prevent a routing loop.
Timeout-180 sec, Interval a route should stay 'live' in the routing table. This counter is reset every time the router hears an update for this route.
Flush-120 sec, How long to wait to delete a route after it has timed out.
Split horizon : is a method of preventing a routing loop in a network. The basic principle is simple: Information about the routing for a particular packet is never sent back in the direction from which it was received. If a neighboring router sends a route to a router, the receiving router will not propagate this route back to the advertising router on the same interface. Blocks the information about routes from being advertised by any router to the interface from which the information originated.
Hold-down Timers: The purpose is to provide the routers enough time to propogate the routes and to ensure that no routing loops occur while propagation occurs
Normally, routers that are connected to broadcast-type IP networks and that use distance-vector routing protocols employ the split horizon mechanism to reduce the possibility of routing loops. Split horizon blocks information about routes from being advertised by a router out of any interface from which that information originated. This behavior usually optimizes communications among multiple routers, particularly when links are broken. If an interface is configured with secondary IP addresses and split horizon is enabled, updates might not be sourced by every secondary address. One routing update is sourced per network number unless split horizon is disabled.
To enable or disable split horizon, use the following commands in interface configuration mode, as needed:
Router(config-if)#ip split-horizon - Enables split horizon.
Router(config-if)#no ip split-horizon - Disables split horizon.
Poison Reverse : When a router advertises a poisoned route to its neighbors,its neighbors break the rule of split horizon and send back to the originator the same poisoned route, with an infinite metric.
LSA's : The packets flooded when a topology change occurs, causing network routers to update their topological databases and recalculate routes
Defining a maximum count : Used for preventing updates from looping the network indefinitely.
Route Poisoning : Advertises an infinite metric for a failed route to all its neighbors
Triggered update : Allows a RIP router to announce route changes almost immediately rather than waiting for the next periodic announcement.
